Abstract:
Obesity is one of the most pressing health challenges of the 21st century, contributing to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and reduced quality of life. Traditional approaches such as diet, exercise, and behavioral modification, while essential, often yield limited long-term success. In recent years, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as highly effective pharmacologic options, transforming the landscape of obesity treatment. Among them, semaglutide (Ozempic) has shown remarkable efficacy in both clinical trials and real-world practice.
Initially approved for type 2 diabetes, semaglutide demonstrated weight reductions averaging more than 15% of baseline body weight in large randomized controlled studies, outcomes that were previously seen only with bariatric surgery in selected patients. Its mechanisms include delayed gastric emptying, enhanced satiety via central nervous system pathways, and improved insulin sensitivity, leading to a dual benefit in weight control and metabolic health. In addition to significant weight loss, semaglutide improves glycemic control, lowers blood pressure, enhances lipid profiles, and reduces cardiovascular risk factors. The most frequent adverse effects are gastrointestinal in nature and generally transient.
Beyond semaglutide, the development of newer incretin-based therapies such as tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, demonstrates even greater promise by engaging multiple metabolic pathways simultaneously. Early evidence suggests superior weight reduction and metabolic outcomes compared with single-agonist therapies.
The integration of GLP-1 receptor agonists into comprehensive weight management strategies represents a paradigm shift, bridging the gap between lifestyle interventions and surgical options. These therapies provide durable, clinically meaningful outcomes that extend beyond the number on the scale, offering improvements in overall health and quality of life. As research advances, incretin-based drugs may redefine the future of obesity care, providing hope for millions affected worldwide.
